Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The Human Service Field Essay -- Ethics, Advocacy

The Human Service field can be trying to individuals on occasion and remunerating too in different snapshots of one’s vocation. What is the Human Services field precisely? As indicated by the National Organization for Human Services they report that â€Å"the field of Human Services is comprehensively characterized, remarkably moving toward the objective of addressing human needs through an interdisciplinary information base, concentrating on avoidance just as remediation of issues, and keeping up a promise to improving the general personal satisfaction of administration populations† (NOHS, 2009). Human Service experts are answerable for some assignments over a course of one’s situation as an expert. One piece of what is expected of a Human Service specialist would be the comprehension of the individual, family and network that they are serving, regarding the decent variety that would be sum us, and having the option to make proficient decisions at whatever point one is required to. Now, Reamer (2006) records those keys to social work practice in which I see as where I like to walk the way in and in which I was simply discussing above. These incorporate the accompanying â€Å"commitment to improving prosperity and helping meet fundamental human needs surprisingly, customer strengthening, administrations to individuals who are powerless and persecuted, center around singular prosperity in a social setting, advancement of social equity and social change, and affectability to social and ethnic decent variety â€Å" (pg/49-51) Human Services laborers must have some different characteristics also so as to effectively finish their situation in this profession. A portion of these are however excluded are; powerful tuning in and correspondence, successful association abilities, and great working relationship with others. As I thought about Reamer (2006), he goes on... ...tential advantages and dangers for each† (2006, pg. 73). Next, you will at that point analyze and figure out what the thinking was behind what just happened. â€Å"What happened when you acted? How much, if by any means, did your activity realize the normal outcomes? How much, if by any means, were there unexpected outcomes? Realizing what you know currently, would you have acted similarly or picked an alternate reaction to the situation† http://kspope.com/memory/ethics.php. When this has been done you might need to talk with another partner or a specialist or the like to run this data by to get some counsel from. At that point a choice would then be able to be made on where to go starting now and into the foreseeable future. When the choice has been made there should be documentation that should be recorded. The exact opposite thing that requirements to happen is the checking, assessing, and afterward archive the choice.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Microsoft strategic alliance with Nokia Free Essays

Dynamic Nokia is a major broadcast communications organization that has encountered genuine brand and money related issues in the ongoing years, and of late fashioned a partnership with Microsoft to attempt to spare the circumstance. This paper will look at the key partnership between the two mammoth organizations by assessing their outside and inward situations. It will likewise look at three changed development methodologies and afterward select the most fitting one. We will compose a custom article test on Microsoft vital union with Nokia or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now From the assessment of the development methodologies in the paper, item improvement has been chosen and it is the main way that the organization can endeavor to come nearer to its rivals or even beat them in the market. Presentation and Company Background Nokia, which is a Finish Company that makes cell phones, has been in presence since the formation of the soonest cell phones, and the enterprise has figured out how to surprise the world by mastery of the versatile business (Roy, 2011, p. 23). The organization has a huge market and has been creating the best cell phones throughout the years. In any case, things have not been smooth for the organization in the North American market where infiltration has been a tough undertaking. This is especially awful news for the organization since it is where cell phones have become an essential item for each person, paying little heed to their ways of life. The cell phones advertise went up by as much as 50 percent in the year 2011 and Google has been in the number one spot in the business with their Android, a youthful working framework. The organization is very much aware of their concern everywhere throughout the world, and the United States of America specifically. This constrained them to enlist Stephen Elop, who turned into the primary individual from outside Finland to head the organization. This new CEO joined the organization from a high-positioning situation at the Microsoft Corporation in the year 2010. He had an essential assignment of expanding company’s piece of the overall industry top on the Asian and North American markets. Being the main individual from outside Finland to head the organization, he became under a ton of strain to guarantee that the offer misfortunes of the market of the organization are turned around. Nokia thought that it was hard to act in the market for cell phones and that is the reason they chose to have a partnership with the Microsoft Corporation to attempt to spare the circumstance (Saylor, 2012, p39). This was the primary significant advance that the new CEO took. The surprising collaboration with the Microsoft Corporation inspired a few discussions viewing Nokia just as about the general cell phones showcase (Schwarzinger, 2012, p.53). The IDC (International Data Corporation), which is an organization for advertise investigation, and screens the cell phones showcase, anticipated that the Windows Phones would turn into the second biggest supplier of programming for cell phones all around (Grant, R 2010, p. 31). The investigation and expectation depends on the vital union among Nokia and Microsoft Corporation. Joined with the anticipated development in the deals of cell phones and the forecasts given by the ICD, at that point how can it be that there was negative activity by the budgetary market when he updates on the two monster organizations teaming up came outThis is one of the inquiries that numerous money related experts have been asking themselves. This paper analyzes the key partnership between the two goliath organizations by assessing the ir outer and inner conditions. It will likewise analyze three diverse development techniques and afterward select the most suitable one. Outside Analysis The Five Forces Framework of Nokia The current rivalry that Nokia is looking in the telephone business has significantly influenced its piece of the pie. Nonetheless, it despite everything holds an extensive portion of the market in the business that is ever evolving. The microenvironment is the inward factors that influence the clients, staff, contenders and the investors (Henry, 2008, p.24). The five powers model is the most suitable for the assessment of the microenvironment of Nokia as it contemplates the customers, providers, contenders just as the new participants. The intensity of providers: moderate In spite of the fact that the organization depends on its providers to give gear, there are various huge producers of hardware that they can go to (Baron, 2008, p53). Right now, Microsoft is the provider of programming for the organization and they have a high dealing power together. Also, the organization is in a decent situation to deal just as haggle with any cell phone equipment maker on the grounds that there are an enormous number of the providers of hardware, which are promptly and effectively open should their present providers endeavor to request more cash with them. Additionally, the partnership with the Microsoft Corporation is viewed as an upset for Nokia and not Microsoft. The Microsoft Corporation may have more force in the exchange of cost alongside the offer as the settlement is of more centrality to Nokia that the Microsoft Corporation. The intensity of purchasers: high The clients have an expanding power due to expanding assortment of choices accessible in the part of portable media transmission. Larger part of Nokia’s contenders likewise offer similar bundles and the area is delicate to issues like the costs with customers looking for the best an incentive for their cash. Greater part of the clients are likewise integrated with the dependable agreements and in this manner changing starting with one cell phone then onto the next is hard and exorbitant for buyers. The area has a serious market that has an assortment of decisions, which causes the clients to have a lot of intensity as they to can decide to go to the different contenders of Nokia on the off chance that they are not placated with what the organization is giving. The danger of new contestants: low The market of cell phone is settled and a rewarding one, and there is a moderately low danger of new participants, as the innovation that is expected to match the gadgets that are now existing is exceptionally best in class. This is something that can't be accomplished effectively by any organization. The boundaries to passage into the market are extremely high, as any potential new contestants need a ton of interest in showcasing and innovation with the goal that they can be in a place of testing the companied that are as of now settled (Hill, et al, 2009, p.53). The danger of any potential new participants isn't plausible as the underlying cost that is required to enter the business is high and requires a ton of interest so as to be in a place of going up against the associations that are now settled. Right now, Nokia has a 29 percent of the whole worldwide portable broadcast communications showcase and for any new contestant to get a tad of their market needs a drawn out plotting or even items that are exceptionally inventive when contrasted with some other found in the market (McGuigan, et al 2010, p. 41). For this to be conceivable, the new contender needs high venture for promoting and RD, so as to get positive outcome. The danger of substitutes: Very low It is past sensible uncertainty that cell phones are an ordinary basic in human being’s lives directly and they would not think that its simple to supplant, as purchasers won't be in a place of having steady contact when they are not close to their homes, relatives or even companions (Baron, 2008, p.53). In any case, the shoppers may make contacts with people through different types of media like email address, home phones and informal organizations. In any case, it won't be simple for individuals to stay in touch in their day by day lives, as the types of correspondence are not advantageous. Opposite, advanced mobile phones accompany a few capacities and particulars, which means there are numerous substitutes offered that emphasis on only a solitary capacity. By and by, cell phones are an ordinary prerequisite in the lives of individuals in light of the principal capacities they are fit for performing and would all be able to be found in a solitary handset. Just advanced mobile phones can make calls, send messages, and peruse the web in a solitary gadget. Something else that makes them an amazingly basic gadget to people is the way that it empowers them to impart continually and at wherever. In this way, the danger of options is low in light of the fact that a cell phone isn't just for making calls or for sending messages yet numerous some different capacities. Without the cell phones, individuals will think that its extremely hard to have a substitution, since it can give a ton to them across the board gadget. Individuals additionally depend on the cell phones significantly and might not effectively locate an elective that has the entire elements of a versatile handset. Serious contention: low The contenders of Nokia went to cell phones and androids sufficiently early while Nokia deferred in discharging their first advanced cells, and consequently falling behind contenders like Apple and HTC (Hahn, and Kibora, 2008, p. 12). Their vital partnership with Microsoft, however offers some life saver, despite everything needs some time before finding the rest. There is high rivalry from large organizations like Blackberry, LG and Sony Erickson. The business of cell phone has exceptionally high contention and requirements immense measures of interest in promoting and the RB to have the option to contend with the built up organizations (Stonehouse, et al, 2007, p.43). Nokia had a moderate move into the market of cell phone, and this has left them trailing their rivals. In this manner, there is very high serious contention and the organization should be caution of their rivals’ danger on their business particularly with the Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry’s rising prev alence. Serious contention in the business is the main danger to the Nokia Company since they are intensely behind in the market of Smartphone and it actually needs a great deal of endeavors to raise their piece of the pie. Inner Analysis SWOT Analysis

Friday, August 21, 2020

Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give

Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give Reasons For Your Answer â€" Essay Example > LIBERALISM HAS PROVED THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IDEOLOGYDo you agree? Give reasons for your answerINTRODUCTIONA number of scholars hold the view that liberalism as political ideology has left a significant impact on our society and has successfully maintained its political hegemony. Liberalism is the notable promoter of individual liberty (Liberalism and Freedom, 2001) and aims to establish a liberal society where individuals and private institutions are not dominated by the state. The concept of individual freedom is essential to liberalism. It is in this light that this paper will expound on the cases in which liberalism, for the most part, is the leading philosophy, especially in the West. This paper will also discuss the principles and values of liberalism. Various views on liberalism will be studied, which deal with the concepts of human nature, equality, society, the role of government, market and the change process. There are different kinds of liberalism such as classical libera lism, neo-liberalism and social liberalism. This paper will critically evaluate problems in the classical liberalism and neo-liberalism and will examine the background and reasons for the success of liberalism as a political ideology and system. PRINCIPLES AND VALUES OF LIBERALISMAccording to liberalism, the individual, as opposed to the community, is the core of social structure. The individual is given importance and provided protection and enough power to exercise his/her own power to meet his/her own socio-economic objectives. The efforts and programs in society are geared towards the enhancement and empowerment of individuals. Liberalism also has high regard for freedom or liberty. According to von Mises (2007), circumstances as they are in the current world present with an insufficient concept of the connotation as well as the likely achievements of liberalism and capitalism in complete blossom. The goal of politics in liberalism is to secure maximum freedom for individuals i n society, and the government plays a key role in this process. Its main role is to protect liberty and individuals’ freedom. In general, liberal governments have been successful in the protection of individuals and the encouragement of the exercise of freedom. There are few societies which have not been able to achieve this but striving for liberty is ongoing in the majority of these areas. LIBERALISM VIEWSOn Human NatureIt can be noted that in liberalism the overall view is optimistic. Liberalism is hopeful, positive and confident in its outlook. Liberalism considers individuals as self-interested and independent utility maximisers. Individuals as rational human beings have the capacity to progress, develop and lead society to a more advanced stage in history. Continuous growth is achieved through the efforts exerted by individuals in society. Nussbaum and Sen (1993) advocate the capabilities approach to well-being. Capability enhancement endeavours further to groom individual s. On EqualityWith regard to the view on equality, liberalism secures legal equality within the boundaries of its political hegemony. Individuals as citizens of a liberal state have equal legal rights and are not discriminated on the basis of colour, language, faith, gender and ethnicity. They will have the same treatment under the law. Individuals have equal worth but unequal talents and skills. The unequal talents and skills differentiate one from the other. The individual’s position in society reflects the individual talent and effort.

Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give

Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give Liberalism Has Proved The Most Successful Ideology. Do You Agree Give Reasons For Your Answer â€" Essay Example > LIBERALISM HAS PROVED THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IDEOLOGYDo you agree? Give reasons for your answerINTRODUCTIONA number of scholars hold the view that liberalism as political ideology has left a significant impact on our society and has successfully maintained its political hegemony. Liberalism is the notable promoter of individual liberty (Liberalism and Freedom, 2001) and aims to establish a liberal society where individuals and private institutions are not dominated by the state. The concept of individual freedom is essential to liberalism. It is in this light that this paper will expound on the cases in which liberalism, for the most part, is the leading philosophy, especially in the West. This paper will also discuss the principles and values of liberalism. Various views on liberalism will be studied, which deal with the concepts of human nature, equality, society, the role of government, market and the change process. There are different kinds of liberalism such as classical libera lism, neo-liberalism and social liberalism. This paper will critically evaluate problems in the classical liberalism and neo-liberalism and will examine the background and reasons for the success of liberalism as a political ideology and system. PRINCIPLES AND VALUES OF LIBERALISMAccording to liberalism, the individual, as opposed to the community, is the core of social structure. The individual is given importance and provided protection and enough power to exercise his/her own power to meet his/her own socio-economic objectives. The efforts and programs in society are geared towards the enhancement and empowerment of individuals. Liberalism also has high regard for freedom or liberty. According to von Mises (2007), circumstances as they are in the current world present with an insufficient concept of the connotation as well as the likely achievements of liberalism and capitalism in complete blossom. The goal of politics in liberalism is to secure maximum freedom for individuals i n society, and the government plays a key role in this process. Its main role is to protect liberty and individuals’ freedom. In general, liberal governments have been successful in the protection of individuals and the encouragement of the exercise of freedom. There are few societies which have not been able to achieve this but striving for liberty is ongoing in the majority of these areas. LIBERALISM VIEWSOn Human NatureIt can be noted that in liberalism the overall view is optimistic. Liberalism is hopeful, positive and confident in its outlook. Liberalism considers individuals as self-interested and independent utility maximisers. Individuals as rational human beings have the capacity to progress, develop and lead society to a more advanced stage in history. Continuous growth is achieved through the efforts exerted by individuals in society. Nussbaum and Sen (1993) advocate the capabilities approach to well-being. Capability enhancement endeavours further to groom individual s. On EqualityWith regard to the view on equality, liberalism secures legal equality within the boundaries of its political hegemony. Individuals as citizens of a liberal state have equal legal rights and are not discriminated on the basis of colour, language, faith, gender and ethnicity. They will have the same treatment under the law. Individuals have equal worth but unequal talents and skills. The unequal talents and skills differentiate one from the other. The individual’s position in society reflects the individual talent and effort.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Truman Capote Helped Shape Journalism by Giving it an Edge

â€Å"All literature is gossip†, it was quotes like this that made Truman Capote the writer he was. A truly outstanding and well known journalist that was anything but boring. Known for being controversial and colorful, Truman would be remembered for years to come. Truman Capote was born September, 30, 1924 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Throughout his time he was known for his writing in America. What interests me the most about Truman Capote is the fact that his struggled as a child and that struggle was what faced him to be the person he was. He did not have a happy childhood; he came from a rough background. Capote helped â€Å"shape† the news by giving that edge needed to make it interesting. As a journalist it is important to keep the reader entertained as well as informed. A childhood such as Truman Capote (Born in New Orleans in 1924) is hard to believe because of the type of writer he was. Capote was abandoned by his mother and raised by his aunts and cousins in Mo nroeville, Alabama. As a child he lived a very lonely life. He struggled with dealing with the fact that his mother abandoned him. Due to this emptiness was what led him to become a writer. He (Capote) states â€Å"I began writing really sort of seriously when I was about eleven. I say seriously in the sense that like other kids go home and practice the violin or the piano or whatever; I used to go home from school every day and I would write for about three hours. I was obsessed by it†, he was definitely decided to be

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Symbols and Meanings of Steinbecks Of Mice and Men

John Steinbeck’s 1949 novella entitled Of Mice and Men uses many significant symbols to convey meanings about the human condition. Such symbols include hands to represent labour, cards to signify chance and taking a risk, and finally, rabbits to suggest ideas about achieving one’s hopes and dreams. Symbols are a key central device in delivering meaning, as they consistently repeated throughout the narrative and are typically associated with the novella’s many characters. The hand is a significant symbol that recurs throughout the novellas plotline; it comments on the novel’s meanings by suggesting that in order to achieve your hopes and dreams you, you must work hard for it. As each character is introduced Steinbeck makes specific†¦show more content†¦Such symbols include hands to represent labour, cards to signify chance and taking a risk, and finally, rabbits to suggest ideas about achieving one’s hopes and dreams. Symbols are a key central device in delivering meaning, as they consistently repeated throughout the narrative and are typically associated with the novella’s many characters. The hand is a significant symbol that recurs throughout the novellas plotline; it comments on the novel’s meanings by suggesting that in order to achieve your hopes and dreams you, you must work hard for it. As each character is introduced Steinbeck makes specific reference to their hands. This is evident when at the beginning of the narrative when Curley is first introduced – Steinbeck draws attention to the fact that he is wearing a glove. Also, Candy’s â€Å"stump† is often referred throughout the plot. â€Å"Out of the sleeve came a round, stick-like wrist but no hand† (p.20). This links to idea of the human condition because Candy lost his hand operating machinery, working for his hopes and dreams. Also, Curley used to be a boxer and is described as being â€Å"handy† which therefore links to the idea of hard work – an essential part of human nature. John Steinbeck’s 1949 novella entitled Of Mice and Men uses many significant symbols to convey meanings about the human condition. Such symbols include hands to represent labour, cards to signify chance and taking a risk, and finally, rabbits toShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men Argumentative Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Prompt: John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, has a controversial history. It has been repeatedly banned by school boards. Why might this book have been banned? Is such an action justified? In a five-paragraph essay, take a position for or against banning this novel. Use your three body paragraphs to develop each of three reasons for or against banning the novel. The Lost Portion of Human Society Right from the beginning of human civilization, books had become the vital flame that ignitedRead MoreThere Are Many Different Factors That Can Cause Loneliness1715 Words   |  7 Pagesloneliness and isolation in a person’s life. Many of these factors are present throughout Of Mice and Men. The environment and the people who surround that person can really impact the quality of life one lives. Although isolation occurs when a person separates themselves from others physically, a person can also be isolated inside their own minds, even with others around them. In John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, Symbolism, imagery, and tone are used to show how isolation and loneliness shapes theRead MoreAllegories in of Mice and Men1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel, ‘Of mice and Men’, John Steinbeck uses allegory to represent different themes and messages. An allegory is a story, poem or a picture which can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning. While r eading Steinbeck’s book I noticed different metaphors such as the usage of animals and Curley’s wife. Throughout the whole book the reader can notice many animals mentioned such as rabbits, mice, the puppy and the old dog. Curley’s wife is also a sort of symbol. She represents the way in whichRead MoreLiterary Comparison of of Mice and Men, the Pearl, and Cannery Row2335 Words   |  10 PagesEnglish II 2 May 2013 I Pledge John Steinbeck’s Literary Style John Steinbeck is an author who wrote in the early 1900s that makes use of setting, characterization, theme, irony, foreshadowing, and symbolism in his many novels. Steinbeck has modeled most of his work off of his own life. His home state, California, has been found to be the setting for some of his novels. Cannery Row, Of Mice and Men, and The Pearl are all novels by John Steinbeck. These novels not only encompass rich sensoryRead MoreGrapes of Wrath essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesnovella Of Mice and Men. Born in Salinas, California in 1902, Steinbeck spent most of his life in Monterey County, the setting of much of his fiction such as the novel Cannery Row, a novel depicting the canning Co in Monterey at the time . He attended Stanford University between 1920-1926. Steinbeck did not graduate from Stanford, but instead chose to support himself through manual labor while writing. Being part of the labor force during this time greatly influence many of his novels. Steinbecks firstRe ad MoreComparing John Steinbeck s Mice And Men And The Grapes Of Wrath1126 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. His works have been studied and analyzed often because of his unique ability to create symbolism from small amounts of text. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a short story written by John Steinbeck, and was first published in 1939. It tells the story of a woman who feels she is capable of completing any task a man can, but is set back by societal standards. â€Å"The Harness† is another short story written by John Steinbeck which was featured in Steinbeck’s The LongRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1704 Words   |  7 Pages`Of mice and men` is written by John Steinbeck, published in 1937. The novella is a reference to the great depression in California and is set in the 1930’s and portrays the way in which despite the consequences of depressed circumstances, human spirit still survives. During t he aftermath of the great depression, which was a very bad period, men hoped to pick up the shattered pieces of their lives. The author, John Steinbeck, illustrates how people, with the help of friendship of dreams, can prevailRead MoreEssay Symbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by Steinbeck925 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by Steinbeck Steinbeck’s novel ‘of mice and men’ is set in the time of the Great Depression after the stock market crash of 1929. The currency is almost worthless and people can afford little possessions. Because of the situation there are many people moving from place to place to find work. This means they are never in one place long enough to form any relationships, so this is a very lonely existence: â€Å"Guys likeRead MoreAnalysis Of Mice And Men 1390 Words   |  6 Pagesdespondent characters who are sick of their provincial lives. Loneliness is the feeling of isolation and no hope or dreams in your life-which is what Steinbeck achieves by portraying this theme effectively through key fictional characters in Of Mice and Men. By living in the town of ‘Soledad’ (Spanish for loneliness), the audience gets an overwhelming sense of the depressing environment that the migrant farmers are living through by their repetitive lifestyle and the consequences they face throughRead MoreOmam Essay Questions2412 Words   |  10 PagesWhat do Steinbeck’s first description of George and Lennie tell us about their characters? Discuss this in the regards to the role/relationship of Itinerant workers in the 1930’s Great Depression: In the 1930’s itinerant workers were migrant workers who travelled from land to land to find jobs, any occupation available to allow them to fend for themselves and survive in the disastrous world, they were living in at the time. We know George and Lennie are migrant workers due to the period of time

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Cars Essay Example For Students

Cars Essay History of CarsBy Kenny CarrollMotor car, road vehicle which first appeared in the 19th Century. The steam propelled the first cars, but such vehicles were not a success and the age of the motor car really dates from the introduction of the petrol-driven horseless carriages of Gottfrield Daimler and Karl Benz (1885-86). The internal combustion engine for these cars had been developed earlier by several engineers, most notably by the German, Nickolaus Otto, in 1876. The main components of a motor car, from then till now, are a body or chassis to which are attached all other parts including the engine or power plant, the transmission system for transferring the drive to the wheels, and the steering, braking and suspension mechanisms for guiding, stopping and supporting the car. A few experts assembled the first cars, but Henry Ford and R. E. Olds in the USA began modern mass-production in the early 1900s. By this means, the cost of a car was drastically reduced, and more people could afford done. In most modern car factories component parts are put together on assembly lines slow-moving conveyor belts. Each worker usually has a specific task, example fitting doors or crankshafts. Bodies and engines are constructed on separate assembly lines, which converge when the engine is installed. Overhead rail conveyors move heavy components to and along the assembly lines, and lower them into position. At a later stage on the assembly line such items as lamps are fitted, and electrical, braking and control systems are tested. The fully assembled car is road tested before sale. The automobile was not invented overnight. It took shape from an accumulation of technical advances that resulted in a light and efficient engine. The accepted fathers of the modern motor car are two Germans, Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottfried Daimler (1834-1900), who built their first petrol-fuelled motor vehicles within a few months of each other (1885-6). More than a hundred years earlier, the first self-propelled road vehicle had rumbled through the streets of Paris at nearly 5km/h (3mph) when Nicolas Cugnot (1725-1804) demonstrated his steam-driven wagon. The German Nikolas Otto (1832-91) made the first four-stroke internal-combustion engine in 1876 and in 1885 Daimler had installed a small four-stroke engine in a cycle frame. He drove his first four-wheeled petrol-driven vehicle round Cannstatt in 1886. In neighboring Mannheim, Benz had tested his three-wheeled car. Daimler licensed the French firm of Panhard and Levassor to build his engine. Levassor placed it at the front of his crude car and it drove the rear road-wheels through a clutch and a gearbox. Thus in 1891 the first car to use modern engineering layout was seen. Within three years of the appearance of the first Panhard France was staging motor races on public road. At the turn of the century, petrol, steam and electric power shared almost equal popularity for powering cars. Steam was well tried and reliable and electric vehicles held the land speed record. France had several established motor manufacturers Panhard, Peugeot, Renault, Daracq, Delahaye and others; in Germany Benz had made the worlds first standard production car, the Velo (1894), and the Daimler company was just about to present the Mercedes to the public (1901). In the United States (USA) the automobile would develop along different lines. There the car was seen not as a rich mans toy, but as a new method of communication in a continent in which travel had been restricted by a lack of roads and great distances. Great Britain (UK), slow to start, had legislated for the car in 1896 when the road speed limits were raised and soon such companies as Lanchester, Daimler (of Coventry), Wolseley and Napier were producing cars. Encouraged by the keen interest shown by King Edward VII, motoring in Britain became an accepted method of travel for the rich. Some British manufacturers began to contest French car supremacy and among them the partnership formed in 1904 between Charles Rolls and engineer Henry Royce was on of the most significant. At that time Henry Ford was preparing the motoring world for his Model T, this was introduced in 1908. Erikson and Goffman on American Identity EssayFuel and exhaust pass in and out of a four-stroke engine using a more sophisticated system of valves, controlled automatically by a camshaft driven direct from the engines crankshaft. As the engine operates, the valves are successively opened and closed. The moment of ignition of the fuel must also be accurately controlled. This is done by a distributor, again mechanically connected to the crankshaft, which directs a current of electricity successively to each of the cylinders. This current fires a spark in the sparking plugs and the fuel is ignited. Ottos engines ran on coal gas, a perfectly satisfactory fuel but one that is difficult to store. The gas engine was greatly improved by the use of liquid fuels such as petrol (gasoline) made by refining crude oil. To turn petrol into a combustible vapor it is mixed with air to form a fine mist of droplets that can be drawn into the cylinders. The mixing is carried out in a carburetor. Unlike steam engines most internal combustion engines do not produce great power at slow speeds. The cylinders are small and each individual ignition stroke produces comparatively little power. To obtain a useful amount of work from such engine it must be run fast, to put the maximum number of ignition strokes into each second. Motor car engines commonly produce their maximum power at speeds of 5,000 revolutions per minute or more. The oscillating pistons and valve gear sets the upper limit on speed. Specially prepared engines, in which great attention has been paid to balance and smoothness, can be obtained more power by running into speeds of 12,000 rpm or more. The Economical Diesel EngineThe compression-ignition engine, designed by the German Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) in 1896, dispenses with the carburetor and sparking plugs of the petrol engine. The gas inside the cylinder on the compression stroke is pure air, which is compressed to 1 : 14 to 1 : 20 of its initial volume a much higher compression ratio than is used in petrol engines. At the top of the compression stroke a fine spray of oil fuel is injected into the cylinder. As gas is compressed its temperature increases, so that the oil spray meets the air charge at a temperature sufficiently high to ignite it spontaneously. Because of its high compression ratio the compression-ignition or diesel engine is more efficient than a petrol engine. But for the same reason it must be more heavily built, thus offsetting the advantage somewhat. Diesel engines offer economies in fuel consumption at the expense of a loss in performance; they are particularly suited to frequent stop and start duties, and as a result are widely used in taxis, buses and lorries. The gas turbine, a completely different kind of engine, was first devised at the beginning of the twentieth century (1900s) and perfected in the 1930s. It usually has a single shaft carrying a series of propeller-like fans divided into two groups, the compressor and the turbine. In an operating gas turbine air is drawn in the compressor fans and its pressure increased. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignition takes place, further increasing temperatures and pressures. The burned mixture leaves the engine through the turbine, driving the blades round. The compressor, which is often driven directly by the turbine, takes up much of the power produced, but enough is left to make the gas turbine exceedingly powerful form of engine. Efficiencies are not high, but the good power-to-weight ratio of a gas turbine makes it suitable for aircraft propulsion. A gas turbine is about three times as powerful as a piston engine of the same weight. Words/ Pages : 1,914 / 24